Project Background
The Republic of Niger (Niger) is a landlocked country in Western Africa with over 80 percent of its land area covered by the Sahara Desert. Niger’s subtropical climate is extremely hot and dry with annual average temperature up to 35 centigrade. The rainy season is from July through September. The rest of the seasons are dry seasons and its annual precipitation is low. Niamey is the capital of Niger and the center of politics, economy and culture. the population of Niamey is about 1 million and Islam is the dominant religion.
The project is committed by the Chinese and Niger governments, aiming to build a large scale general public hospital together in order to improve and upgrade the local medical facilities.
Location
The site is located in a wide flat sandy tract around 7km at the northern side of the centre of Niamey city. This is the a developing dwell area with weak infrastructure. Local people expect a new hospital could upgrade their living conditions.
Outpatient Building, Emergency Building and Public Hall
The public hall is an important connecting and distributing space for the public. A well-designed hall shall be open to the public and provide the easy access, function of sheltering , good ventilation without using air conditioners and energy saving.
Muslim Worship Hall
Islam is the dominant religion in Niger, therefore we have considered Muslim worship halls scattered in the hospital in the design. Meanwhile, these worship halls can be transformed to temporary camping sites for patients and their families.
Inpatient Building and Ramps
The inpatient Building is designed into a two-story courtyard space, connecting by continuous ramps and cloisters. In addition, it can meet the hospital accessibility requirements without lifts and elevators.
Medical Technology Building
Medical Technology Building consists of four floors, including all important medical equipments and operating rooms in the hospital. The external wall adopts the single small-opening windows and the external sunshade in order to reduce the heat exchange.
Insulated Roofing
Insulation is the simple and effective way to reduce the indoor temperature. All the roofs are designed with thermal insulating layers, which are prefabricated concrete panels, to reduce the heat transmission.
Building Sun-shade
In the hot and dry environment, building shading has significant influence on the indoor temperature. In order to avoid direct sunlight, a number of external sun-shade components are designed. The gaps between the shading panels and the walls form air microcirculation around the windows, which is conducive to carry off the surrounding heat. The architectural technology of this sunshade system has high durability with in-situ concreting.
Natural Ventilation
Buildings are mostly designed with the opened veranda of two sides’ entrances, forming good natural convection and improving the physical experience of people inside.
Roof Drainage
Precipitation is quite low throughout the year. However, the heavy rainfall is intense with strong winds, the leaves and dust blown by strong wind could plug the drain normally. Open-designed drainage is easy to clean and meanwhile presents an important facade element. The local loose sandy soil is conducive to the natural infiltration of rain as well.
Corridor
Corridors connect various blocks of the hospital. The pillars of the corridor are widened to provide a larger sunshade area.
Adoption and Construction of Traditional “Tyrol” Exterior Wall
Since Niger is located in the west Africa inland, bulk import of common exterior wall material is highly expensive. Under perennial high temperature and illumination intensity, erosion of the building exterior wall would be serious. Local traditional process “Tyrol” style exterior wall is adopted in the exterior wall design. The typical construction method is to manually spray the mixture, which is composed of the local river sand and white cement/water under a specific ratio, on the exterior wall surface. This kind of material not only achieves low construction cost, but also has high durability under hot & dry weather with easy maintenance.
Link to the Environment
The relationship between architecture and the environment not only consider the natural environment where the building is, but also the local economy and social impact. Therefore, a local traditional construction methods ensure the building is built with low cost, good quality and high durability. In such way, the building is not only adaptable to the local climates and environment, but also integrate into the local culture.
Because of the heavy rainfall, Icelandic has plenty of rivers and they are relatively large, glacial rivers and fresh water rivers and streams
The water in the glacial rivers is usually a milky grey and they can smell of sulfur. The flow volume can be enormous, they are ice cold and you need to be very careful around them. You won´t survive falling into one like this
Following an earthquake measuring 6.6 on the Richter Scale that struck central Italy this morning at 7:40 a.m. local time—the fourth to hit this part of the country in three months—a number of structures have collapsed entirely or been severely damaged. While no deaths have been reported at this time, the BBC suggests that twenty people have been injured.
This latest tragedy follows an earthquake measuring 6.2 on Richter Scale which hit a nearby region in August, killing 300 and causing widespread devastation to towns and villages. It is being suggested that the evacuation of buildings that were deemed vulnerable to the ongoing seismic activity in the region last week may have saved a great deal of lives.
Reports verify that the Basilica of St. Benedict in Norcia has been almost entirely razed to the ground.
The Basilica of St. Benedict is destroyed, flattened by most recent earthquake. #Terremoto http://pic.twitter.com/GQDl64LhFn
— The Monks of Norcia (@monksofnorcia) October 30, 2016
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Italy hit by another #earthquake https://t.co/DHkIWVvc6r http://pic.twitter.com/GCNKUSGX8A
— BBC News (World) (@BBCWorld) October 30, 2016
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Tremors were felt as far north as Venice, and in nearby Rome – around a 171km road distance from the epicenter of the earthquake. There the Metro system has been shut down as a precautionary measure and a number of iconic, architecturally significant structures—primarily religious—have been damaged.
According to La Repubblica (Roma) a number of cracks have appeared (while existing fissures have expanded) in the fabric of the Basilica of San Paolo Outside the Walls, and cornices have fallen. The Basilica of San Lorenzo was also temporarily closed following fragments of “rubble” falling into the aisles (reports suggest that no one was hurt). The Church of Sant’Ivo alla Sapienza (La Sapienza), completed in 1660 to designs by Francesco Borromini, has suffered structural damage to its iconic dome.
Inspections are being carried out at these buildings alongside many more of similar age and significance. The Colosseum and the archeological site of the Roman Forum—both popular tourist sites due to their historical and architectural value—were fully inspected and were reopened as normal to the public.
News via Repubblica (Roma), BBC
Experts Fear Massive Losses of Historic Italian Architecture Following Magnitude 6.2 Earthquake
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Sig Nordal 