To the Editors: Benjamin Friedman explains well the concept of, and the problems with, universal basic income, as proposed by Philippe Van Parijs and Yannick Vanderborght. But I found it curious that he never discusses a similar proposal, made fifty-five years ago, by another Friedman: Milton.
Books
No, They Didn’t
To the Editors: Allen Dulles, Richard Helms, et al. absolutely did not order Frank Olson killed because “he knew too much about US biological warfare during the Korean War” because there was no biological warfare carried out by any agency of the US government during the Korean War, or for that matter by anyone else. The false allegation was disproved as long ago as 1998.
Time Pieces: A Dublin Memoir
No one has captured Dublin of the 1950s, its griminess and narrowness, so well as John Banville, writing as Benjamin Black. I say this as a person who is only a couple of years younger than he and who, for a time, lived up the coast from his childhood home of Wexford and was, like him, brought up to the city on special occasions by train. Like him, too, I later wandered around Dublin in the 1960s and 1970s — the city’s griminess and narrowness intact — eventually living there and (unlike him) working behind the bar of a hotel off Grafton Street, “before,” as he puts it in Time Pieces: A Dublin Memoir, “that narrow, delicately undulating thoroughfare had been ruined by pedestrianism, one of those words that is as ugly as its meaning.” This elegant little book has brought all this back in the most powerful way, and reading it, I was almost undone by the cruel mystery of time and the loss of that world — damp, dingy, and penitentially cold though it was.
And oppressive. For women, certainly: birth control was prohibited, as, indeed, was a woman being served a pint in Dublin; half pints only for us. More to the point, for Banville and other writers, Ireland was “a hard, mean-spirited place for anyone with artistic ambitions.” Every published word had to be passed by the Censorship of Publications Board, the institutional expression of a general disapprobation of impiety and disgust with matters of the flesh. (He reports one Irish politician declaring righteously that “there had been no sex in Ireland before the coming of television.”) “When,” Banville tells us, “I first visited eastern Europe when the Cold War was extremely warm, I felt immediately and horribly at home: they had the Communist Party invigilating their lives from the cradle to the grave, while we had the Catholic Church doing exactly the same thing.” It is telling, as he notes, that Irish writers “never merely emigrated, they always ‘went into exile.’ ” For all that, Dublin was the place Banville wanted to be. It was, he says, “for me what Moscow was for Irina in Chekhov’s Three Sisters, a place of magical promise towards which my starved young soul endlessly yearned.”
Time Pieces is a tribute and guide to Banville’s Dublin and an excursion across the treacherous territory of memory. Now and again he is accompanied by his friend Harry Crosbie, whom he calls Cicero, a font of Dublin arcana. This is the man you want to lead you to the disassembled granite slabs from the walls of the original Abbey Theatre, a building that had previously housed a bank, the Mechanics Institution, and the City Morgue. Or the one to introduce you to Admiral Lord Nelson’s head, unseated from the august shoulders by an IRA bomb in 1966. The great man’s (or, in another view, the flagrant adulterer’s) place was left unoccupied until 2003, when, writes Banville, “the Millennium Spire was driven deep into the heart of the site.” Both Nelson’s head, sadly un-nosed, and the tawdry spire are present among the forty-eight photographs interspersed throughout the pages, all but one by Paul Joyce, the sole exception having been taken by Banville’s son, Benjamin. Among the other photographs is a fine view of Upper Mount Street’s Georgian terraced houses, where Banville lived in a flat for some years. He later spruced up the place and turned it over to Quirke, the gloomy pathologist hero who came into the world in Christine Falls, Benjamin Black’s first novel.
The memoir finds Banville regretting aspects of his early character. He marvels ruefully at his young self: a “prissy and purblind young man,” a snob with nothing to be snobbish about, a resident of one of the greatest cities in the world who cared little about its past, an ungrateful nephew to the aunt with whom he lived on Mount Street and who bequeathed him the flat. I would say such attitudes belong to most young people and may even be a precondition for later wisdom. As the book shows, Banville now celebrates Dublin’s once “shabby splendours” and the relics of its many-layered past. His friend, Cicero, shows him a remnant of the original wallpaper in a decaying Georgian house, some 300 hundred years old, and it transfixes him: “How many strata of time am I spanning here, how many imbricated layers of the past am I standing on?”
The book, which wanders about according to its own compass, is filled with splendid characters and descriptions: The proprietor of what Banville deems to be the best pub in the city, Ryan’s of Parkgate Street, is “tall, sandy-haired, with a limp that made him seem to be poling himself along in an invisible gondola.” In the days when a woman was not allowed in the public bar, he had a contraption set up whereby he could twitch a piece of twine secured to the latch of the snug’s door to open it, in order that her unhallowed self (never unaccompanied by a man, I am sure) could be sequestered there.
The book’s funniest passages concern the author’s doomed passion for a young Protestant woman, which is to say a member of a tribe alien to young Banville. Her name was Stephanie Delahaye, and she lived in Fitzwilliam Square with her well-off parents and five brothers. The youngest was Gervase (“it seemed to me absurd that such a short, stumbling, snotty-nosed creature could boast so heraldic-sounding a name”), and the oldest, “Tiddler,” was “a burly bruiser of twenty or so, with a truly frightening set of teeth . . . resembling, so I thought, some sort of primitive instrument of the Eskimos for trapping fish or fighting off seals.” The father, another bruiser, was a former rugby player, and the mother, called “Mags,” was a tippler whose beverage of choice, gin and Advocaat, had “the colour of beaten egg-yolk and . . . the consistency of phlegm.”
[P]oor half-sozzled Mags . . . confined herself to a continuous soft vague twittering that was not exactly speech, but seemed rather a sort of distracted, incomprehensible disavowal, as if she imagined there were people all round her all the time asking questions she could not answer or even understand. My presence seemed to baffle her, and every time she encountered me she would give a tiny start, which she would hasten to cover up with a remote, faintly pained smile, putting her head to one side in an attitude of apologetic haplessness . . . She rarely addressed me directly, but when she did she would pluck a name for me at random, as if out of a card file in her mind, James, or Joseph, or Gerald, and once even, fantastically, Jasper.
That reminiscence takes on a gothic aspect with the puzzling and sinister presence in the Delahaye home of a tall, thin man dressed all in black, always there when Banville arrives, always departing before him. Who was he? And what was he up to? That — and it’s a good one — you will have to discover for yourself.
Time Pieces is not an intimate memoir but an extremely engaging one and far friendlier than one would expect from this writer whose novels are so chilly. It is also a book to make a trip to Dublin seem imperative, even, I believe, for those who have never been there. Yet.
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A Caribbean Literary Renaissance
In recent years there’s been a renaissance in Caribbean letters. At this year’s Key West Literary Seminar, “Writers of the Caribbean,” Joshua Jelly-Schapiro, author of Island People: The Caribbean and the World (2016) and a regular contributor to the Review, interviewed Marlon James, the Jamaican novelist whose most recent book, A Brief History of Seven Killings (2014), a sprawling portrait of modern Jamaica told through the lens of a 1977 assassination attempt on the reggae legend Bob Marley, made James the first Caribbean writer since V.S. Naipaul to win the Man Booker Prize.
The B&N Podcast: Robert Harris

Every author has a story beyond the one that they put down on paper. The Barnes & Noble Podcast goes between the lines with today’s most interesting writers, exploring what inspires them, what confounds them, and what they were thinking when they wrote the books we’re talking about.
The novelist Robert Harris has made a specialty out of flash points in history: the explosion of Mt. Vesuvius in ancient Rome, the cracking of the Enigma code, or the intrigue surrounding the Dreyfus Affair in 19th-century France. In his latest, Munich, Harris turns to the infamous 1938 meeting between Neville Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler. Spinning a tale of brooding suspense around the true story of those four days in September, Harris offers a dramatic and thought-provoking new perspective on Chamberlain’s “appeasement” of the Nazi regime. In this episode, the author joins us to talk about that meeting and the strange alchemy required to turn a historical moment into page-turning thrills.
From the internationally best-selling author of Fatherland and the Cicero Trilogy—a new spy thriller about treason and conscience, loyalty and betrayal, set against the backdrop of the fateful Munich Conference of September 1938.
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Author photo of Robert Harris (c)
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How ‘the Kingfish’ Turned Corporations into People
Although Huey Long was a populist who championed the little guy over big business, his attempt to muzzle the press ultimately empowered the very corporate interests against which he so often inveighed. When Long imposed a punitive tax on Louisiana newspapers to stifle criticism, it was not at all clear that for-profit business corporations had free speech rights—indeed, the prevailing law was on Long’s side. But in 1936, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the newspaper corporations and struck down Long’s advertising tax. Instead of a shield for persecuted dissenters from government orthodoxy, the First Amendment was transformed into a sword used by business to strike down unwanted regulation.
Satyajit Ray’s ‘The Hero’ Revisited
The train, in which nearly all the action takes place, is a hive of designs. The compartments frame a latticework of plots as intricate as anything in Graham Greene’s novel Stamboul Train. Almost everyone has a scheme and almost every character, in this film about acting, is more than ready to pretend to be something that he or she is not. Everyone, essentially, is reflecting back the movie star’s concern about how much selling yourself to the Devil may, in fact, be the right and selfless thing to do, if it can offer those who are suffering a respite from their plight. The result is a festival of ironies.
The Radicals

The title of Ryan McIlvain’s new novel The Radicals refers not only to McIlvain’s protagonists but also to a piano composition performed early on in the narrative and described as “a musical record and a critique…of the medieval Christian attempts to impose God’s kingdom on earth…” A portentous note has been struck. Ahead, we fear, lies Meaning and this is hardly surprising. McIlvain’s previous novel Elders was primarily a brooding drama of internal struggle among young Mormon missionaries, a drama in which the denouement was a biblically long time coming. Acclaimed, parenthetically, as a worthy addition to the category of “ex-Mormon fiction,” (one that claims writers like Terry Tempest Williams, Neil Labute, Shawn Vestal and Brian Evenson), Elders established McIlvain as above all serious. Thankfully The Radicals reveals him also to be agile and irreverent. “I was a hale, hearty, well-adjusted child of loving, educated parents,” Eli, the narrator, admits, “I just couldn’t bring myself to give a shit anymore.” That’s more like it.
We meet Eli on the tennis court opposite his new friend Sam Westergard. Both are graduate students in New York City. Their subject being Marxist theory, they are playing tennis ironically. Or pretending to, acting like “a pair of intellectuals disgracing the game” while in fact straining to win. Not like the real athletes on an adjacent court, “their rally balls ticking back and forth metronomically, and low over the net, like grown-up shots.” The scene could be the opening of a T.C. Boyle story; jittery and sharp, it alerts us to every sound, every shift of light and to an undercurrent of menace. Then, sure enough, “I couldn’t have known I was standing across the net from a murderer,” Eli recalls, “and neither could he.” (McIlvain has us on edge and, despite existential digressions, keeps us there. By the time his politically charged and emotionally turbulent plot subsides, Eli the socialist and Sam the ex-Mormon will stumble into killing and here too the novel’s lens is tightly focused and the images sickeningly clear: “now the old man has pitched forward, jerking forward and to the side as if bitten by the sound, and then another, then a third loud pop….Sam tracking him with his gun, following his movements, as if stirring something in the air.”
Before action, however, comes doctrine and, surprisingly, romance. The first arrives in the shape of Eli’s ex-girlfriend Alex who leads a radical group agitating against the swindling energy corporation Soline and its criminal CEO while the second takes the form of Jen, a young classical pianist (see above) who inspires Eli to become a better person (and her fiancé) but to whom he lies. About his abandoned dissertation; about the fast-food job he sabotages; and about Alex who is now with Sam who has turned mysterious. “He ran hot and cold sometimes in the space of a single sentence,” Eli frets, “and the cold could stop your heart, as if you’d swum out with him into the warm shallows of his old enthusiasm…only to feel the bottom drop out at the continental shelf’s edge: Suddenly you’re in bottomless, dark, updrafting, freezing water.”
The Cause, the Relationship and the Friendship cross paths in Arizona where Eli joins Alex’s group in occupying the foreclosed house of one of Soline’s victims and where a standoff with local police, deftly staged, fizzles wonderfully. “It felt like whole minutes before the giant officer softened, scoffing a little…. ‘I take it you’re the Occupy leftovers?’ he said. ‘You poor little hipster shits – you guys are all forty years late to the party.’ He tapped his partner on the shoulder and headed back to the cruiser.” Then it’s on to the Grand Canyon for Jen and Eli (“above miles of open, carved-out, calcified sky, like loss embodied, a present absence, and where was the vast spiky mold the land had been imprinted with?”) before the return to New York City, the slide into deceit and homicidal obsession, and then a final ascent to what sounds like redemption. The Radicals certainly ends on a soaring, rhapsodic note. But the novel is most satisfying when it doesn’t soar; when, for example, in Manhattan at nightfall a drunken Eli watches “the mysterious switchboard of the opposite buildings activate, permutate, the lights blinking on and off, shifting, sending mysterious signals” or when a desperate Eli loiters outside Jen’s workplace, “waiting with the manic, rattling feeling of a man who can see a giant countdown in the noonday sky.” This is McIlvain at his best, keeping his eye on the ball.
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The World Must Act Now on Syria
While there are no longer any illusions about the role of the UN Security Council, every member state has nevertheless adopted and pledged to uphold the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine under the UN’s Office on Genocide Prevention. For the agony of the people of Syria to come to an end, it must be forcibly stopped. The perpetrators of these colossal crimes against humanity must be halted, once and for all. Today, appealing once more to the ethics and the codes of moral conduct on which democracy and international law are built, we ask those members states to act now to stop the Syrian genocide: demand an immediate ceasefire, an immediate lifting of all sieges, immediate access for relief aid agencies, release of political detainees, and immediate protection for all Syrian lives.
The Impossibility of Being Oscar
Had he ever allowed himself to be the equal of what was required by the excess of literary talent that had been bestowed on him? Had he lived up to his own austere demands, which he set out so dogmatically, despite the lightness of expression, in the preface to Dorian Gray and “The Decay of Lying”? Certainly the plays are great, in their way—Salomé in particular shows him for the subversive artist he could have been, had he had the nerve for it—but somehow they are not quite enough, not quite the fulfilment of his genius. He had, throughout his life, talked away too much of his talent; as one observer put it, “He wasted himself in words.”